Anatomy of Heart
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-07-2025
Hip bone-Osteology-Anatomy LL
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
30-07-2025
Patella-Osteology -Anatomy LL
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
30-07-2025
Lower Limb Muscles of Anterior Comp.
Front of Thigh and Leg Muscles -pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
3. Femoral Triangle- Boundaries and Contents
Inguinal Triangle - Boundary Contents Relations-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Quadriceps - Front of Thigh-LL
Three Vastii, Rectus Femoris- Quadriceps Femoris- Thigh Muscles-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Relations in adductor Canal
Relations of Artery ,Vein and Nerve in Adductor Canal-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Hunters Canal Complete
Details of Hunters Canal- Boundary ,Contents, Relations-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Femoral Triangle- Boundaries
Sartorius and Adductor Longus- Boundary of Femoral Triangle-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Profunda Brachii Artery
Course and Branches of Profunda Brachii artery -pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Front of Thigh and Leg Muscles
Muscles of Thigh and Leg -Anterior compartment-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Femoral Triangle Dissected
Structures after dissection of Femoral Triangle-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Relations of Femoral Triangle
Boundaries and Contents of Femoral Triangle-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Intercostal Space Contents
Structures in Typical Intercostal Space-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Branches of Typical Spinal Nerve
Typical Intercostal Nerve Branches and Distribution-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
PICV Drainage and Azygos Veins
Arrangements Drainage of PICV and Azygos Veins-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Pleural Recesses
Costodiaphragmatic and Costomediastinal Recesses of Pleura -Pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Thoacocentesis Procedure
Position and Process of Aspiration Thorax-Pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
25-08-2025
Lungs Surfaces , Fissures and Lobes
Lungs Surfaces , Fissures and Lobes-Pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-09-2025
Lungs Surfaces Borders , Fissures and Lobes
Ext. Features - Lungs Surfaces ,Borders Fissures and Lobes- PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-09-2025
Lungs- Mediastinal Surface
Relations of Mediastinal Surface of Lungs - PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-09-2025
Lungs-BPS
10-10 Segments (Bronchopulmonary )of Right and Left Lungs-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-09-2025
BPS-Lungs
3 Lobes-10 segments in Right Lung, 2Lobes 10 Segments on Left Lung-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-09-2025
Pectoralis Major Muscle
Anatomy Of Pectoralis Major Muscle- Attachments-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-09-2025
Cutaneus Innervation of Pectoral Region
Anterior and Lateral Cutaneous Nerves Supplying Pectoral Region-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-09-2025
Nerves of Pectoral Region- Cutaneous
Anterior and Lateral Cutaneous Nerves Supplying Pectoral Region-PKK T2 of Lateral- Intercostobrachial Nerve
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-09-2025
Clavipectoral Facia
Pectoralis Minor and Subclavius Enclosed in Clavipectoral Fascia-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-09-2025
Pectoral Region -Cutaneous Nerves
Anterior (T2 -T6), and Lateral (T3 -T6) Cutaneous Nerves -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-09-2025
Nerve of Skin- Pectoral Region
Anterior and Lateral Cutaneous Nerves-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-09-2025
Pectoralis Major- Attachments
Origin (proximal attachment) Sternocostal head • Has manubrial, sternal, and aponeurotic fibers • Manubrial fibers – from lateral half of anterior surface of manubrium • Sternal fibers –from lateral half of anterior surface of sternum up to 6th costal cartilage • Costal fibers – from 2nd to 6th costal cartilages. • Aponeurotic fibers – from aponeurosis of external oblique muscle of abdomen
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-09-2025
Pectoralis Major and Minor
Insertion (distal attachment) • Form U-shaped bilaminar tendon that inserts on the lateral lip of bicipital groove • Bilaminar tendon has two laminae as follows: – Anterior lamina – shorter than posterior lamina, formed by clavicular fibers of the muscle – Posterior lamina –formed by sternocostal fibers
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-09-2025
Muscles of Pectoral Region- Pectoralis major
Actions 1. As a whole muscle: Adduction and medial rotation of arm Draws the scapula forward along with serratus anterior 2. Clavicular head: Flexion of arm. 3. Sternocostal head: Extension of flexed arm against resistance.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-09-2025
Clavipectoral Fascia
Structures piercing 1. Lateral pectoral nerve 2. Cephalic vein 3. Thoracoacromial trunk 4. Lymphatic vessels from breast to apical axillary group of lymph nodes
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-09-2025
Landmarks of Abdomen
Pubic tubercle: Small bony projection can be felt at medial end of fold of groin Pubic crest: Short bony ridge between pubic tubercle and pubic symphysis Pubic symphysis: Lies in median plane at level of tip of coccyx
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Arterial Supply of Abdominal Wall
Anterior cutaneous branches of superior and inferior epigastric arteries Lateral cutaneous branches of posterior intercostal arteries Three superficial branches of femoral artery Superficial external pudendal artery Superficial epigastric artery Superficial circumflex iliac artery Deep circumflex iliac artery (branch of external iliac artery)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Nerves of Abdominal Wall
Supplied by lower six thoracic nerves and first lumbar nerves-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Superficial Fascia Of Abdomen
Fascia of Camper (superficial fatty layer) This layer – continuous with subcutaneous fat of adjoining areas In penis – devoid of fat; in scrotum, replaced by involuntary dartos muscle-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Bony Cavity of Abdomen
Bounded as follows Superiorly by xiphoid process and right and left costal margins Inferiorly by iliac crest, fold of groin, pubic tubercle,pubic crest, and pubic symphysis On each side, extends up to midaxillary line and continues with posterior abdominal wall-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Holdens Line- Abdomen
Holden’s line: Extends 8 cm laterally from pubic tubercle in horizontal plane-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Extravasated Urine Flow- Abdomen
Due to attachment of fascia of Scarpa, extravasated urine in ruptured urethra gets accumulated in superficial perineal pouch in thigh up to Holden’s line and in anterior abdominal wall inferior to umbilicus
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Cutaneous Nerves-Abdomen
Supplied by lower six thoracic nerves and first lumbar nerves
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Superficial Veins- Abdomen
Above umbilicus: These veins run toward axilla and drain into axillary vein and finally to superior vena cava Below umbilicus: Cutaneous veins run toward groin and drain into great saphenous vein and finally to inferior vena cava Small veins (paraumbilical veins) from umbilicus run along ligamentum teres drain into portal vein
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Superficial Lymphatics -Abdomen
axillary and superficial inguinal nodes and follow water-shed line at level of umbilicus as follows -- 1. Above umbilicus, lymphatic vessels run upward to drain into the axillary lymph nodes 2. Below umbilicus, lymphatic vessels run downward to drain into superficial inguinal nodes
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Dermatomes- Abdomen
Lower six thoracic nerves (T7–T12) Two lateral intercostal nerves are derived from lower two intercostal nerves (T10, T11) pierce external intercostal muscle Divided into anterior and posterior divisions to supply skin on side of abdomen
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
External Oblique Muscle -Abdomen
Origin-- Originates by eight fleshy slips from outer surfaces of middle of shafts of lower eight ribs Direction of fibers-- Run downward, forward, and medially (similar to direction of fingers when one keeps hand in Trousers’ pocket)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
External and Internal Oblique Muscle
External Oblique-- Insertion Posterior most fibers insert on outer lip of anterior 2/3rd of iliac crest Posterior border of muscle extends from 12th rib to iliac crest Forms anterior boundary of lumbar triangle of petit
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Internal Oblique Muscle
Origin-- 1. Lateral 2/3rds of upper surface of inguinal ligament 2. Intermediate area of anterior 2/3rd of iliac crest 3. Thoracolumbar fascia
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Transversus Abdominis
Origin-- Lateral 1/3rd of upper surface of inguinal ligament Inner lip of anterior 2/3rd of iliac crest Thoracolumbar fascia Inner surfaces of lower six ribs and their costal cartilages
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-09-2025
Rectus and Transversus Abdominis muscle
Rectus Abdominis-- Long, flat strap muscle supports anterior abdominal wall (rectus = straight in Latin) Origin Originates by two tendons or heads Medial head originates from anterior surface of pubic symphysis and anterior pubic ligament Lateral head originates from lateral part of pubic crest Insertion Inserts on horizontal line passing laterally from xiphoid process Intersecting 5th, 6th, and 7th costal cartilages Innervation Ventral primary rami of lower six or seven nerves (T7–T12) Actions Maintains anterior abdominal wall tone during standing Flexion of trunk on pelvis Protects abdominal viscera
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Pyramidalis Muscle
Origin-- Front pubic crest and anterior pubic ligament Direction of fibers--Run upward and medially Insertion--Inserts into linea alba, midway between umbilicus and pubic symphysis Innervation--Subcostal nerve (T12) Action--Tenses linea alba
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Cremaster Muscle
Origin-- Superficial fibers – originate from middle 1/3rd of upper surface of inguinal ligament Deep fibers – originate from pubic crest and conjoint tendon Insertion Superficial fibers extend along spermatic cord and reach scrotum Superficial and deep fibers – connected with each other around spermatic cord and upper part of scrotum In females, few fibers of cremaster muscle accompany round ligament of uterus, Innervation---Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (L1–L2) Mostly these fibers carry sympathetic innervation Cremaster muscle – not under voluntary control, Actions--- Pulls testis upward toward superficial inguinal ring helps in closing superficial inguinal ring and controlling temperature of testis
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Iliohypogastric and Ilioinguinal Nerve
Iliohypogastric Nerve--Branch of 1st lumbar nerve Close to iliac crest, nerve divides into Lateral branch – pierces external and internal oblique muscle, passes posteriorly to supply skin of gluteal region Anterior branch – pierces internal oblique at 2.5 cm medial to anterior superior iliac spine Pierces external oblique about 3 cm above superficial inguinal ring
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Fascia Transversalis
Thin layer of areolar membrane lines deeper surface of transverse abdominis muscle Extent-- Superiorly, continuous with ill-defined subdiaphragmatic fascia Inferiorly -- continuous with fascia iliaca (fascia covering iliacus muscle) Extent Attached to iliac crest, inguinal ligament, pecten pubis, and pubic crest Continuous with pelvic fascia
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
8 Layers of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Consists of eight layers from superficial to deep as follows Skin Superficial fascia External oblique muscle and aponeurosis Internal oblique muscle and aponeurosis Transverse abdominis muscle and aponeurosis Fascia transversalis Extra peritoneal connective tissue Parietal layer of peritoneum
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Muscles of Anterior Abdominal Wall
External oblique Internal oblique Transverse abdominis Rectus abdominis Pyramidalis External oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis – large, broad, flat muscles
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Scalp Layers
Made up of five layers -- Skin Superficial fascia (subcutaneous connective tissue) Deep fascia (epicranial aponeurosis) Loose areolar tissue Pericranium
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Arteries of Scalp
Arterial supply Supplied by following five arteries on each side In front of auricle-- Supratrochlear artery Supraorbital artery Superficial temporal artery,, Behind auricle-- Posterior auricular artery Occipital artery
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Extent of Scalp
Extends -- Anteriorly: Up to supraorbital margins,,, Posteriorly: Up to external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line,,, On each side: Up to zygomatic arch and external acoustic meatus
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Nerves of Scalp and Face
In Front of Auricle -- 1. Supratrochlear – branch of frontal nerve (ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve) 2. Supraorbital – branch of frontal nerve 3. Zygomatic temporal nerve – branch of zygomatic nerve (maxillary division of trigeminal nerve) 4. Auriculotemporal nerve – branch of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve 5. Temporal branch of facial nerve Behind Auricle--- 1. Posterior division of great auricular nerve (C2, 3) – From the cervical plexus 2. Lesser occipital nerve (C2) – From ventral ramus of 2nd cervical nerve 3. Greater occipital nerve (C2) – From dorsal ramus of C3 nerve 4. Third occipital nerve (C3) – From dorsal ramus of C3 nerve 5. Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Nerves and Arteries of Scalp
10 Arteries and 20 Nerves Supply Scalp-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Nerves and Arteries of Scalp
Supplied by following five arteries on each side -- 1. In front of auricle--- Supratrochlear artery Supraorbital artery Superficial temporal artery,, 2. Behind auricle-- Posterior auricular artery Occipital artery
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
09-09-2025
Systems of Body
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-09-2025
Different Regions and Body Parts
Various Regions and Parts of Body Anatomy- PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-09-2025
Male and Female Urogenital System
Both Urinary and genital Organs of Male and Female-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-09-2025
Various Organ Systems
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-09-2025
Reproductive Organs -Lateral View
Male and Female Reproductive organs in Lateral View-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-09-2025
Andreas Vesalius
Father of Modern Anatomy, founder of modern human anatomy , Andries van Wezel (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564), wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-09-2025
Vesalius
Father of Modern Anatomy, founder of modern human anatomy , Andries van Wezel (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564), wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem - He was born in Brussels, which was then part of the Habsburg Netherlands. He was a professor at the University of Padua (1537–1542) and later became Imperial physician at the court of Emperor Charles V.--PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-09-2025
Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Kos- (460 – c. 370 BC), Greek physician and philosopher, "Father of Medicine" -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-09-2025
Claudius Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus, September 129 – c. 216 AD, Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher, -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-09-2025
Claudius Galen
Galen (born 129 ce, Pergamum, Mysia, Anatolia [now Bergama, Turkey]—died c. 216) was a Greek physician, writer, and philosopher who exercised a dominant influence on medical theory.He distinguished seven pairs of cranial nerves, described the valves of the heart, and observed the structural differences between arteries and veins. One of his most important demonstrations was that the arteries carry blood, not air, as had been taught for 400 years. Notable also were his vivisection experiments.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch microbiologist and microscopist . commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology",.He was the first to relatively determine their size. Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as unicellular organisms, although he observed multicellular organisms in pond water. He was also the first to document microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, red blood cells, and crystals in gouty tophi, and was among the first to see blood flow in capillaries.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
John Hunter
(13 February 1728 – 16 October 1793) was a Scottish surgeon.The experiment, reported in Hunter's A Treatise on the Venereal Diseases (part 6 section 2, 1786).Hunter helped to improve understanding of human teeth, bone growth and remodelling, inflammation, gunshot wounds, venereal diseases, digestion, the functioning of the lacteals, child development, the separateness of maternal and foetal blood supplies, and the role of the lymphatic system. He carried out the first recorded artificial insemination in 1790 on a linen draper's wife. The adductor canal in the thigh is also known by its eponym "Hunter's canal" after John Hunter.[
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Roentgen
(27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923). Roentgen, was a German experimental physicist[4] who produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays. For this discovery, he became the first recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Leonardo d Vinchi
(15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features. He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus in utero.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
1. Anatomical Position
The standard anatomical position is a universally accepted body posture where a person stands erect, facing forward, with feet parallel, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Anatomical and Fundamental Position
The standard anatomical position is a universally accepted body posture where a person stands erect, facing forward, with feet parallel, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward. In Fundamental Position Palm is Facing Medially.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
3. Anatomical Position
Everything in Anatomy is Described in Anatomical Position.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Body Planes
The sagittal plane (dividing into right and left halves), the coronal (or frontal) plane (dividing into front and back portions), and the transverse (or horizontal/axial) plane (dividing into upper and lower halves).-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Planes of Body
The median (or midsagittal) plane is a sagittal plane that passes through the exact middle of the body. Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) . Transverse Plane (Axial/Horizontal Plane)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Basic Terminology
Superior-Inferior, Anterior-Posterior, Medial Lateral -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Types of Movements
flexion - extension abduction - adduction circumduction (no opposite) elevation - depression internal/medial rotation - external/lateral rotation dorsiflexion - plantar flexion pronation - supination inversion - eversion protrusion/protraction - retrusion/retraction opposition - reposition
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Body Movements
flexion - extension abduction - adduction circumduction (no opposite) elevation - depression internal/medial rotation - external/lateral rotation dorsiflexion - plantar flexion pronation - supination
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Inversion- Eversion
Foot inversion, turning the sole inward, is primarily caused by the Tibialis anterior and Tibialis posterior muscles, while foot eversion, turning the sole outward, is caused by the Peroneus longus, Peroneus brevis, and Peroneus tertius muscles.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Pronation- Supination
Pronation is primarily performed by the pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles, while supination is mainly driven by the biceps brachii and supinator muscles. The brachioradialis muscle can also assist in both pronation and supination. These movements, which turn the palm downwards and upwards, respectively, occur at the radioulnar joints of the forearm.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Finger Movements
flexion (curling the finger towards the palm), extension (straightening the finger away from the palm), abduction (spreading fingers apart), and adduction (moving fingers together)-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Shoulder Movements
It include flexion (forward motion), extension (backward motion), abduction (moving away from the body), adduction (moving toward the body), internal rotation (rotating toward the midline), external rotation (rotating away from the midline), and circumduction (a combination of movements to form a circular motion)-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Thigh Abduction
The main abductor muscles of the thigh--Rresponsible for moving the leg away from the body's midline, are the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae. Other muscles that contribute to hip abduction, though secondary, include the piriformis, sartorius, and the superior fibers of the gluteus maximus. -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Pronation- Supination
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Thigh Movements
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Classification of Bones
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Structure of Long Bone
External and Internal Structure of a Long Bone-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Parts of Young Long Bone
A young long bone includes the diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), metaphysis (flared zone), and the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) located in the metaphysis, which is a layer of cartilage enabling the bone to grow longer before it eventually fuses to the diaphysis after puberty.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Red Bone Marrow
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Long Bone Parts
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
01-10-2025
Periosteum -Bone
The periosteum is a thin membrane of blood vessels and nerves that covers the outer surface of most bones, providing nourishment, sensation, and playing a crucial role in bone growth, repair, and regeneration. It is composed of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cambium (or osteogenic) layer containing progenitor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts, essential for increasing bone width and healing fractures.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-10-2025
Compact Bone -T.S.
-Compact bone, or cortical bone, is the dense, hard, and smooth outer layer of bones, forming their external surface and providing structural support, protection, and resistance to mechanical stress. Its key structural unit is the osteon, a cylindrical structure containing concentric layers called lamellae, which surround a central Haversian canal that contains blood vessels and nerves. Compact bone accounts for about 80% of the total weight of the skeletal system.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-10-2025
Compact and Spongy bone-T.S.
Spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone or trabecular bone, is a porous, lattice-like bone tissue found in the ends of long bones and in the vertebrae, skull, and ribs. Its honeycomb structure, made of thin bony plates called trabeculae, helps to reduce bone weight, absorb stress, and provide space for red bone marrow, which produces blood cells.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-10-2025
T.S. of Compact Bone
An osteon, also known as a Haversian system, is the fundamental structural and functional unit of compact bone. It is a roughly cylindrical arrangement of concentric bone layers (lamellae) surrounding a central Haversian canal, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels. Osteons are responsible for the strength and rigidity of compact bone and are crucial for bone metabolism and repair.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-10-2025
T.S. of Compact Bone
An osteon, also known as a Haversian system, is the fundamental structural and functional unit of compact bone. It is a roughly cylindrical arrangement of concentric bone layers (lamellae) surrounding a central Haversian canal, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels. Osteons are responsible for the strength and rigidity of compact bone and are crucial for bone metabolism and repair.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-10-2025
Long Bone- Arteries
Nutrient artery, Periosteal arteries, and Epiphyseal/metaphyseal arteries- PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-10-2025
Red and Yellow Bone Marrow
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-10-2025
Periosteum -Remodelling
Active, lifelong process by which the periosteum, the outer membrane of bone, contributes to bone reshaping, repair, and growth by supplying osteoblasts and promoting the formation of new bone tissue.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-10-2025
Metaphysis -T.S
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-10-2025
Spongy Bone
Found in -- The enlarged ends (epiphyses) of long bones. The middle of other bones, such as the vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, and skull. -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-10-2025
Structural Classification of Joints-3
Structural Classification of Joints- Fibrous, Cartilagenous and Synovial Joints-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Types of Joints
Structural Classification of Joints- Fibrous, Cartilagenous and Synovial Joints-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Joint Types
Immovable, Slightly Movable and freely Movable Joints- Structural Classification of Joints- Fibrous, Cartilagenous and Synovial Joints-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Types of Joints - Structure
Structural Classification of Joints- Fibrous, Cartilagenous and Synovial Joints-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Fibrous Joint
Sutures, Syndesmosis , Gomphosis- Fibrous Joint. Fibrous joints connect bones with dense collagenous connective tissue, lacking a joint cavity, and are typically immovable or allow very limited motion.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Fibrous Joint- Types
Sutures: Found exclusively in the skull, between the flat, interlocking bones. Syndesmoses: Found in the forearm (between the radius and ulna) and the lower leg (between the tibia and fibula) Gomphoses: These are the joints that unite the roots of the teeth with the sockets in the jawbones (maxilla and mandible)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Sutures- Fibrous Joint
Serrate (saw-like), Denticulate (finger-like interlock), Squamous (overlapping), Limbous (beveled), Plane (flat), and Wedge and groove (or Schindylesis).Sutures: Found exclusively in the skull, between the flat, interlocking bones.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Types of Sutures
Sutures: Found exclusively in the skull, between the flat, interlocking bones.Serrate (saw-like), Denticulate (finger-like interlock), Squamous (overlapping), Limbous (beveled), Plane (flat), and Wedge and groove (or Schindylesis).
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Fibrous Joint - Types
Fibrous joints connect bones with dense collagenous connective tissue, lacking a joint cavity, and are typically immovable or allow very limited motion.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Different Types of Sutures
Sutures: Found exclusively in the skull, between the flat, interlocking bones.Serrate (saw-like), Denticulate (finger-like interlock), Squamous (overlapping), Limbous (beveled), Plane (flat), and Wedge and groove (or Schindylesis)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Syndesmosis
It is a type of slightly movable fibrous joint where two bones are held together by a strong interosseous membrane or a bundle of ligaments, such as the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis in the ankle, which connects the tibia and fibula.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Skull Sutures - Fibrous joints
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Fibrous joint
Syndesmosis- type of slightly movable fibrous joint where two bones are held together by a strong interosseous membrane or a bundle of ligaments, such as the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis in the ankle, which connects the tibia and fibula.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Sutures- Fibrous joint 5
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Types of Sutures
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Primary and Secondary Cartilaginous Joints
A joint where bones are connected by either hyaline cartilage (synchondrosis) or fibrocartilage (symphysis), allowing for slight movement and providing stability to the body.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Cartilaginous Joint
Intervertebral discs between vertebrae and the pubic symphysis connecting the pelvic bones, as well as temporary synchondroses like the epiphyseal (growth) plate in children's long bones. -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Cartilaginous Joint 2
Egs. Intervertebral discs between vertebrae and the pubic symphysis connecting the pelvic bones, as well as temporary synchondroses like the epiphyseal (growth) plate in children's long bones.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Secondary Cartilaginous Joint
Symphysis, is a permanent, slightly movable (amphiarthrotic) joint where two bones are united by a pad of fibrocartilage. These joints are found in the midline of the skeleton, such as the intervertebral discs between vertebrae and the pubic symphysis. -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Secondary Cartilaginous Joint 2
They allow for limited movement, which can vary in extent depending on the amount and compressibility of the fibrocartilage.- PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Synovial Joint Classification
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Types of Synovial Joints
Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints. These joints, which are the most movable in the body, are classified by the shape of their articulating surfaces and the specific movements they allow. Examples include plane joints (wrist bones), hinge joints (elbow), pivot joints (neck), condyloid joints (wrist and knuckles), saddle joints (thumb), and ball-and-socket joints (shoulder and hip).
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Synovial Joint- Types
Diarthrosis- Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints. These joints, which are the most movable in the body,
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Synovial Joint- Types
Ball-and-Socket (e.g., shoulder, hip), Hinge (e.g., elbow, knee), Pivot (e.g., atlantoaxial joint), Gliding (or Plane) (e.g., intercarpal joints), Saddle (e.g., thumb base), and Condyloid (or Ellipsoid) (e.g., radiocarpal joint of the wrist)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Synovial Joints -Location
Ball-and-Socket (e.g., shoulder, hip), Hinge (e.g., elbow, knee), Pivot (e.g., atlantoaxial joint), Gliding (or Plane) (e.g., intercarpal joints), Saddle (e.g., thumb base), and Condyloid (or Ellipsoid) (e.g., radiocarpal joint of the wrist)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Synovial Joints- Examples
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Synovial Joint- Types and Location
Movement: Permeates movement in two planes (biaxial), including flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction,Rotation and Circumduction--PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Formation of Synovial joint
hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, plane (or gliding), condyloid, saddle joints and Ellipsoid-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Types of Synovial Joint
Hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, plane (or gliding), condyloid, Ellipsoid and saddle joints-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Structure of Synovial Joint
Articular cartilage covering bone ends, a joint capsule made of a fibrous outer layer and inner synovial membrane, a synovial cavity filled with lubricating synovial fluid, and reinforcing ligaments.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Synovial Membrane
The synovial membrane has two main layers: a superficial intima composed of synoviocytes and a deeper, vascular subsynovial layer (subintima) of loose connective tissue
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Synovial Membrane and Capsule
The intima contains two types of cells—macrophage-like (Type A) cells that remove debris, and fibroblast-like (Type B) cells that produce synovial fluid components like hyaluronic acid. The subsynovium provides nutrients and support, containing fat cells, blood vessels, nerve fibers, and fibroblast-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Capsule of Synovial Joint
Two-layered enclosure that surrounds a synovial joint, consisting of an outer fibrous layer that provides structural support and an inner synovial membrane that secretes lubricating and nourishing synovial fluid-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-10-2025
Types of Synovial Joints- Plane Gliding Joint
Plane Gliding Synovial Joints- A type of joint where flat or slightly curved bone surfaces slide past one another, allowing for limited gliding movement. These joints, found in places like the wrist, ankle, and between vertebrae, are crucial for stability while still providing a degree of motion. -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-10-2025
Plane Synovial Joint
Carpometacarpal, Intercarpal ,Intermetacarpal , Tarsometatarsal, Intertarsal, Intermetatarsal Joints
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-10-2025
Synovial Joints Types
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-10-2025
Hinge Joint- Synovial Joint
It allows movement in a single plane, like the hinge on a door, for bending and straightening. These joints are found in the body at the elbow, knee, and the interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes, and are characterized by a convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave surface of another.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-10-2025
Pivot Synovial Joint
A type of synovial joint that allows for rotational movement around a single axis, where the rounded or cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring-shaped structure made of another bone and/or ligament.-Atlantoaxial joint:, Radioulnar Joint
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Pivot Joint
A pivot joint consists of a cylindrical bone that fits into a ring-shaped structure. - Movements like shaking your head "no" and rotating your forearm -pronation and supination-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Condylar Synovial Joint
A type of synovial joint where an oval-shaped bone end fits into a similarly shaped hollow in another bone. They allow for movement in two planes, such as up-and-down and side-to-side, enabling actions like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction, though not full rotation.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Condylar Synovial -Knee Joint
Knee Joint- Largest and Most complex joint
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Synovial Condylar Joint
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Ellipsoid Synovial Joint
II consists of an oval-shaped convex condyle of one bone fitting into the elliptical concave cavity of another bone. type of biaxial synovial joint that allows movement in two planes: back and forth (flexion/extension) and side to side (abduction/adduction).-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Ellipsoid Wrist Joint
Allowed motions: Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Wrist joint (radiocarpal joint), Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles of the fingers), Metatarsophalangeal joints (knuckles of the toes), and Atlantooccipital joints (where the skull meets the spine
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Saddle Synovial Joint
A type of synovial joint where the articulating bones are shaped like a saddle, with each bone having both a concave and convex surface. This structure allows for biaxial movement (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction) and provides a balance between stability and a wide range of motion.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Saddle Joint
Eg. Joint at the base of the thumb (carpometacarpal joint) and the joint connecting the collarbone to the breastbone (sternoclavicular joint).
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Synovial -Saddle Joint
1st Carpometacarpal Joint, and SternoclavicularJoint
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Ball and Socket Synovial Joint
It is a type of synovial joint where the rounded end of one bone (the ball) fits into the cup-shaped cavity of another bone (the socket). This structure allows for a wide range of motion in multiple directions, including rotation.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Ball and Socket Joint
The most flexible joints in the human body are the shoulder and hip joints. It permits movement in all directions, such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation- Shoulder , Hip Joint, Incudostapedial Jpint
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Hip Joint- Ball and Socket
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Ball and Socket Joint
Smallest - Incudostapedial Joint- The joint between the incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup) is a type of ball-and-socket joint, known as the incudostapedial joint
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Muscle -Types
Skeletal muscles are voluntary, attached to bones, and control body movement. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood. Smooth muscle is also involuntary and found in the walls of internal organs like the digestive tract and blood vessels, controlling functions like digestion and blood flow-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Muscle- 3 Types
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Muscular System
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Muscles Types
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Types of Muscle
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-10-2025
Muscle Arrangements
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Pennate Muscles
A pennate muscle is a type of skeletal muscle with fibers arranged at an oblique angle to its tendon, resembling a feather. This structure allows for a greater number of muscle fibers to be packed into a given volume, resulting in higher force production and power, though the range of motion is typically smaller compared to other muscle types. Examples of pennate muscles include unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate arrangements-Pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Muscle Arrangements
A sphincter, is a muscle with fibers arranged in a circle around a body opening. When the muscle contracts, it decreases the diameter of the opening, closing it off, while when it relaxes, the opening widens. Examples of circular muscles include the orbicularis oris around the mouth and the orbicularis oculi around the eyes.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Types of Muscle Fibers
Fusiform skeletal muscles are spindle-shaped muscles that are thicker in the middle and taper to a point at both ends, with fibers arranged parallel to the muscle's length. Examples include the biceps brachii and sartorius. This arrangement allows for greater range of motion and velocity of movement because the muscle's force is concentrated.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle tissue, attached to bones by tendons, that is responsible for voluntary movements like walking and lifting.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle is made of thousands of muscle fibers, which are long, multinucleated cell. Each muscle fiber is composed of smaller units called myofibrils. Myofibrils are made up of contractile units called sarcomeres, which are the basic units of muscle contraction. Sarcomeres contain thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments that slide past each other to cause muscle contraction.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Types and Location of Muscle
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Muscle Fiber Arrangements
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Skeletal Muscle Microscopy
Skeletal muscle consists of muscle fibers (cells) which are multinucleated and packed with cylindrical bundles called myofibrils. These myofibrils are composed of repeating units called sarcomeres, the functional contractile units, formed by the organized arrangement of thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin). This arrangement creates a striated or striped appearance under the microscope.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Microscopic view of Skeletal muscle
Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Muscle Fiber Structure
Multiple myofibrils, which are bundles of protein filaments (actin and myosin) arranged in repeating units called sarcomeres. The fiber is surrounded by a cell membrane called the sarcolemma, and its cytoplasm, or sarcoplasm, contains the myofibrils.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Structure of Tendon
A hierarchical arrangement of collagen fibrils that are grouped into fibers, fascicles, and the overall tendon unit. These bundles of collagen are primarily type I collagen and are densely packed, oriented parallel to the tendon's axis, and have a wavy or "crimp" pattern.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Skeletal Muscle Structure
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Pennate Muscle
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Muscle Fiber Structure
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Microscopic Skeletal Muscle
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Myotendinous Junction
It is the specialized interface where skeletal muscle fibers connect to a tendon, serving as the primary site for transmitting force to create movement. Its unique, complex structure optimizes this force transmission, but also makes it a common location for strain injuries, especially during high-effort exercise
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Myotendinous Junction .
The MTJ has a complex structure where the muscle membrane has many infolds that intertwine with the collagen fibrils of the tendon. This interdigitation increases the contact area between the tissues for better force dispersal and to reduce stress concentrations.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Motor Units
A motor unit is the basic functional unit of skeletal muscle, consisting of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. When a motor neuron is activated, all of the muscle fibers within its unit contract together in an "all-or-none" fashion. The force of a muscle contraction is controlled by the number of motor units recruited and activated -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Motor Unit of a Muscle
A motor unit is comprised of a single motor neuron (a nerve cell) and all the muscle fibers that the neuron's axon terminals connect to at neuromuscular junctions.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Motor Unit 3
Thigh muscles can have a thousand fibers in each unit, while extraocular muscles might have ten only.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Motor Unit 4
Henneman's size principle indicates that motor units are recruited from smallest to largest based on the size of the load. For smaller loads requiring less force, slow twitch, low-force, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers are activated prior to the recruitment of the fast twitch, high-force, less fatigue-resistant muscle fibers. Larger motor units are typically composed of faster muscle fibers that generate higher forces.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Motor Unit 5- Motor Neuron
FF — Fast fatigable — high force, fast contraction speed but fatigue in a few seconds. FR — Fast fatigue resistant — intermediate force, fatigue resistant — fast contraction speed and resistant to fatigue. FI — Fast intermediate — intermediate between FF and FR. S or SO — Slow (oxidative) — low force, slower contraction speed, highly fatigue resistant.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Myotendinous Junction-3
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Muscle Fiber
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-10-2025
Clavipectoral Fascia
It encloses the subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles and forms the suspensory ligament of the axilla, which supports the armpit's floor. The fascia also acts as a barrier, with several structures piercing through it, including the cephalic vein, the thoracoacromial artery, the lateral pectoral nerve, and lymphatic vessels
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
13-11-2025
Pectoralis Major Muscle
In Poland syndrome, the anatomy of the pectoralis major is affected by the unilateral absence or underdevelopment of its sternocostal head
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
13-11-2025
Attachment of Pectoralis Major
Insertion: Both heads converge to form a tendon that inserts onto the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove (or bicipital groove) of the humerus. Its lowest fibers are attached on highest position.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
13-11-2025
Fascia- Clavipectoral
Thickened upper portion: The portion from the first rib to the coracoid process is called the costocoracoid ligament-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
13-11-2025
Pectoralis Minor
A triangular muscle located beneath the pectoralis major, originating from the third to fifth ribs and inserting onto the coracoid process of the scapula
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
13-11-2025
Pectoralis Minor
The muscle originates from the anterior surfaces of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs near their costal cartilages. It inserts on the medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Pectoralis Minor 3
Medial and Lateral pectoral nerves (from spinal nerves C8 and T1). It Stabilizes the scapula: Pulls the scapula inferiorly and anteriorly, pressing it against the thoracic wall.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
P. Minor
The pectoralis minor muscle creates a passage between the ribs for the transit of the brachial plexus and both the subclavian artery and vein. If the muscle is shortened/tight this abnormal tension: negatively affecting the Scapulohumeral Rhythm; can also cause thoracic outlet syndrome
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Clavipectoral Fascia 3
At most superficial part, where it is attached to the coracoid process laterally and blends with the upper two external intercostal membranes medially, it is referred to as the Costocoracoid membrane-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Subclavius Muscle
Origin: The junction of the first rib and its costal cartilage. Insertion: The inferior surface of the middle third of the clavicle.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Subclavius 2
Nerve to subclavius: A branch from Upper trunk of the brachial plexus, specifically from the C5 and C6 nerves. Stabilization: It actively stabilizes the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint, which is important for movements of the upper limb. Depression: It helps depress the clavicle, moving it downwards and forwards
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Subclavius 4
The vessels and nerves running behind the subclavius muscle can sometimes become entrapped between the clavicle and the first rib, inside the costoclavicular space. This is referred to as costoclavicular syndrome and marks one of the three types of thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Mammary Gland Anatomy
Tissue: The breast is primarily composed of glandular (milk-producing) and fatty tissue, the ratio of which can vary with age and hormonal status. Glands: It contains lobes, which are clusters of smaller sacs called lobules that can produce milk. Ducts: Thin tubes called ducts carry milk from the lobules to the nipple.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Breast Location and Bed
Breasts also have nerves, blood vessels, and a system of lymph vessels and lymph nodes, which can be affected by breast cancer. Location: The base of the breast is formed by the pectoralis major muscle, which lies over the ribs.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Structure of Breast
The breast is an apocrine gland. The breasts are about 80 to 90% stromal tissue (fat and connective tissue), while epithelial or glandular tissue only accounts for about 10 to 20% of the volume of the breasts.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Mammary Gland Structure
The nipple of the breast is surrounded by the areola (nipple-areola complex). The areola has many sebaceous glands, and the skin color varies from pink to dark brown. The basic units of the breast are the terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs), which produce the fatty breast milk. breast is also composed of connective tissues (collagen, elastin), white fat, and the suspensory Cooper's ligaments.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Anatomy of Breast
Nipples have hundreds of nerve endings, which makes them extremely sensitive to touch. Each breast has between 15 to 20 lobes, or sections. These lobes surround your nipple like spokes on a wheel.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Male Breast
During puberty, the hormone testosterone usually stops breasts from developing. On the outside, there are nipples and areolae. Internally, they have undeveloped milk ducts and no glandular tissue. Male breast problems can include gynecomastia, a benign condition that causes the breasts to enlarge, and very rarely, breast cancer.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Mammary Bed
The muscles that form the mammary bed (the deep surface upon which the breast rests) are the pectoralis major, the serratus anterior, and the external oblique muscle
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Cutaneous Innervation Mammary Gland
supraclavicular nerves (\(C_{3}\) and \(C_{4}\)) from the cervical plexus, anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves (T2to (T6. The intercostobrachial nerve (T2 also contributes, supplying the skin of the upper medial arm and the floor of the axilla.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Arterial Supply Breast
Lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial branches. Lateral mammary branches – originate from the posterior intercostal arteries (derived from the aorta). Mammary branch – originates from the anterior intercostal artery.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Arteries of Breast
Axillary artery via several branches: superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic and subscapular arteries Internal thoracic artery via the medial mammary arteries Perforating branches of second, third and fourth intercostal arteries
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Blood Supply of Breast
Venous- Axillary, internal thoracic and second to fourth intercostal veins.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Breast Arteries
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Mammary Gland Arteries
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Breast Arterial Supply
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Nerve Supply Breast
Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the second to sixth intercostal nerves Fourth intercostal nerve (nipple)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Lymph Nodes of Breast
Subareolar lymphatic plexus -> pectoral lymph nodes -> axillary lymph nodes -> subclavian lymphatic trunks (75%) Subareolar lymphatic plexus -> parasternal lymph nodes -> bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunks (25%)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Breast Parts and Lymph Nodes
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Breast Lymphatics
There are three groups of lymph nodes that receive lymph from breast tissue – the axillary nodes (75%), parasternal nodes (20%) and posterior intercostal nodes (5%). The skin of the breast also receives lymphatic drainage: Skin – drains to the axillary, inferior deep cervical and infraclavicular nodes. Nipple and areola – drains to the subareolar lymphatic plexus.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Lymphatics of Mammary Gland
The axillary (underarm) nodes, the parasternal (chest) nodes, and the intercostal nodes
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
L.N. of Breast
75% of drainage. Lymph is collected in the subareolar plexus (Sappey's plexus) and then travels along the inferior border of the pectoralis major muscle to the axillary node
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Breast L.Nodes
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Mammary Gland Lymphatics
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Breast cancer
Common presentations associated with breast cancer are due to blockages of the lymphatic drainage. Excess lymph builds up in the subcutaneous tissue, resulting in clinical features such as nipple deviation and retraction, and prominent skin between small dimpled pores (peau d’orange). Larger dimples are generally caused by cancerous invasions and fibrosis. This causes traction of the suspensory ligaments, causing them to shorten.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Breast cancer - Symptoms
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Carcinoma Breast
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Breast Cancer
Metastasis commonly occurs through the lymph nodes. It is most likely to be the axillary lymph nodes that are involved. They become stony hard and fixed. Following this, the cancer can spread to distant places such as the liver, lungs, bones and ovary.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Peau'd Orange- Breast Cancer
Peau d'orange" is a medical term for skin that has a dimpled or pitted, orange-peel-like appearance, which can be a sign of inflammatory breast cancer. It happens when cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the breast, causing fluid buildup and a thickened, leathery skin texture. If you notice this on your breast, it is important to see a doctor right away for an accurate diagnosis.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
14-11-2025
Breast Feeding
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
15-11-2025
Axilla Boundaries
A Pyramid-shaped space bounded by anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, superior, and inferior walls. The anterior wall is formed by the pectoral muscles, the posterior wall by the subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi muscles, and the lateral wall by the humerus. The medial wall consists of the serratus anterior and thoracic wall, while the base is the skin and fascia of the armpit. The apex is the open, superior part, defined by the first rib, clavicle, and scapula.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
15-11-2025
Axilla Boundary and Content
Anterior wall Muscles: Lateral part of the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and subclavius Fascia: Clavipectoral fascia Posterior wall Muscles: Subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
15-11-2025
Axilla Inlet Apex
Axillary apex, is the triangular opening at the top of the armpit (axilla) that connects the neck to the axilla. It is bounded by the lateral border of the first rib, the posterior surface of the clavicle, and the superior border of the scapula, and serves as the passage for major nerves and blood vessels, like the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels, to enter the axilla from the neck.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
15-11-2025
Walls of Axilla
Posterior wall is made of the subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and teres major muscles. The medial wall is the serratus anterior muscle and the first four ribs, and the lateral wall is the humerus, coracobrachialis, and short head of the biceps brachii.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
15-11-2025
Inlet of Axilla
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
15-11-2025
Axilla Limits
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
15-11-2025
Axilla Dissected
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
15-11-2025
Axilla - Lymph Nodes
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
15-11-2025
Axillary Vein
It begins at the lower border of the teres major muscle where the basilic vein and brachial veins merge and ends at the outer border of the first rib, where it becomes the subclavian vein. It is a clinically significant vessel used for venous access for medical devices like pacemakers and defibrillators
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
15-11-2025
Axillary Lymph Nodes
Divided into groups based on their relationship to the pectoralis minor muscle: Level I (lateral), Level II (deep), and Level III (medial).
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus 1
Formed by nerve roots C5 through T1, it is structured in five parts: roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus 2- Formation
Roots: The network begins with five nerve roots from the spinal cord (C5–T1). Trunks: The roots combine to form three trunks: superior (C5-C6), middle (C7), and inferior (C8-T1
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus 3- Branches
Divisions: Each trunk splits into an anterior and a posterior division. Cords: The divisions then regroup into three cords, named for their position relative to the axillary artery: the lateral, posterior, and medial cords. Branches: Finally, the cords form the terminal branches, which are the major nerves that extend into the shoulder, arm, and hand.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus 4- Location
The roots of the brachial plexus emerge from the spinal cord and travel between the anterior and middle scalene muscles in the posterior triangle of the neck.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus 5 - Formation
The ‘roots’ refer the anterior rami of the spinal nerves that comprise the brachial plexus. These are the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus- Branches of Root
1. Dorsal scapular nerve C4, C5 rhomboid muscles and levator scapulae - 2. long thoracic nerve C5, C6, C7 serratus anterior - 3. branch to phrenic nerve C3, C4, C5 Diaphragm 4. Branch to Longus Coli and Scalene Muscles
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus 7- Branches From Trunk
Only Upper Trunk Gives Branches- 1. Suprascapular Nerve- Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus 2. Nerve to Subclavius- Subclavius
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus 8- Branches of Lateral Cord
(LML) 1. Lateral Pectoral Neve 2. Musculocutaneous Nerve 3. Lateral Root of Median Nerve
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus 9- Branches From Medial Cord
(M4 U) 1. Medial Pectoral Nerve 2. Medial Root of Median Nerve 3. Medial Cutaneous nerve of Arm 4. Medial Cutaneous nerve of Forearm 5. Ulnar Nerve
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus 10- Branches From Posterior Cord
(ULNAR) 1. Upper Subscapular Nerve 2. Lower Subscapular nerve 3. Nerve to Lattissimus Dorsi (Thoracodorsal neve) ( Middle Subscapular Nerve) 4. Axillary Nerve 5. Radial Nerve
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Long Thoracic Nerve of Bell
Roots Long thoracic nerve C5, C6, C7 serratus anterior- Winging of Scapula
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus 11- Branches
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Erb's Palsy- Brachial Plexus Injury
Erb’s palsy refers to an injury to the upper roots of the brachial plexus (typically C5-6). It most commonly occurs as a result of a stretching injury during a difficult vaginal delivery. Nerves affected – the peripheral nerves derived from C5-6 roots are most affected. This includes the musculocutaneous, axillary, suprascapular, and nerve to subclavius. Muscles affected – supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subclavius, biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis, deltoid and teres minor.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus Injury
Erb’s palsy- Motor functions affected – abduction at shoulder, lateral rotation of arm, supination of forearm, and flexion at shoulder. Sensory functions affected – sensation over the lateral aspect of upper limb (C5-6 dermatomes).
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
BP Injury
Klumpke’s palsy is an injury of the lower roots of the brachial plexus (C8-T1). It is also most commonly associated with a difficult vaginal delivery but has a much lower incidence than Erb’s palsy. Nerves affected – the peripheral nerves derived from T1 root are most affected; the ulnar and median nerves Muscles affected – the intrinsic hand muscles Sensory functions affected – sensation along medial side of upper limb (C8-T1 dermatomes).
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Brachial Plexus Injury 3
Erbs Palsy- ‘waiter’s tip Hand", Policeman Tip hand, Porter Tip Hand-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Branches of Brachial Plexus
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
18-11-2025
Axillary artery Location
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
20-11-2025
Axillary Artery - Parts
It is a continuation of the subclavian artery, starting at the lateral border of the first rib and ending at the lower border of the teres major muscle, where it becomes the brachial artery. The pectoralis minor muscle divides the artery into three parts, with one branch arising from the first part, two from the second, and three from the third.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
20-11-2025
Axillary Artery- Relations
First part (proximal to pectoralis minor) Anterior: Pectoralis major (clavicular part), a nerve loop connecting the medial and lateral pectoral nerves. Posterior: Medial cord of the brachial plexus, the long thoracic nerve, and the first digitations of the serratus anterior muscle. Medial: Axillary vein. Lateral: Lateral and posterior cords of the brachial plexus.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
20-11-2025
Axillary Artery- Anatomy
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
20-11-2025
Axillary Artery -Relation 2
Second part (behind the pectoralis minor) Anterior: Pectoralis minor. Posterior: Posterior cord of the brachial plexus and the subscapularis muscle. Medial: Medial cord of the brachial plexus and the axillary vein. Lateral: Lateral cord of the brachial plexus.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
20-11-2025
Axillary Artery -Relation 3
Third part (distal to pectoralis minor) Anterior: Skin, superficial fascia, and deep fascia. Posterior: Radial nerve, axillary nerve (in the upper part), and the subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and teres major muscles (tendons). Lateral: Coracobrachialis muscle, musculocutaneous nerve, and the lateral root of the median nerve (in the upper part). Medial: Axillary vein and the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm and forearm.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
20-11-2025
Axillary Artery - Situation
The axillary artery is located in the armpit (axilla), beginning at the outer border of the first rib and ending at the lower border of the teres major muscle. It serves as the main artery for the upper limb, with its path divided into three parts by the pectoralis minor muscle
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
20-11-2025
Axillary Artery - Branches
First part Superior thoracic artery: Supplies blood to the pectoralis minor and major muscles. Second part Thoracoacromial artery: Divides into several branches, including the acromial, pectoral, clavicular, and deltoid arteries. Lateral thoracic artery: Supplies the pectoral muscles, serratus anterior, and the mammary gland.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
20-11-2025
Axillary artery - Branches 2
Third part Subscapular artery: The largest branch, which gives off the circumflex scapular and thoracodorsal arteries. Anterior circumflex humeral artery: Wraps around the surgical neck of the humerus. Posterior circumflex humeral artery: Also wraps around the surgical neck of the humerus, supplying blood to the shoulder joint and surrounding muscles.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
20-11-2025
Axillary Artery Dissected
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
20-11-2025
1. Classification of Nervous System
The nervous system is classified into the Central Nervous System (CNS) (brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (nerves outside the CNS). Functionally, the PNS further divides into the Somatic Nervous System (voluntary control of muscles) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), which regulates involuntary functions and splits into the Sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and Parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) systems.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-12-2025
2. Autonomic Nervous System
It Controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure, operating automatically without conscious thought to maintain homeostasis (internal balance). It's part of the peripheral nervous system, divided into the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) system, which prepares the body for action, and the parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) system, which conserves energy, with both working in balance
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-12-2025
3. N.S. Classification
Central Nervous System (CNS): The body's command center, interpreting information and making decisions. Brain: Processes thoughts, memories, emotions, and controls motor skills. Spinal Cord: Relays messages between the brain and the rest of the body, protected by vertebrae. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects the CNS to limbs, organs, and skin. Cranial Nerves: Emerge from the brain. Spinal Nerves: Emerge from the spinal cord.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-12-2025
4. Organization of Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary): Controls skeletal muscles. Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary): Controls internal organs, glands, and smooth muscles. Sympathetic Nervous System: Prepares the body for stress (e.g., increases heart rate). Parasympathetic Nervous System: Promotes relaxation and energy conservation (e.g., slows heart rate).
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-12-2025
5. Autonomic Nervous System
Heart Rate & Blood Pressure: Regulates how fast your heart beats and your blood pressure. Respiration: Adjusts your breathing rate. Digestion: Manages digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. Metabolism: Controls metabolic processes and energy use. Temperature Regulation: Manages sweating and blood flow to cool or warm the body. Pupil Response: Controls pupil dilation and constriction. Sexual Arousal: Involved in sexual function
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-12-2025
7. Somatic and ANS
Controls voluntary body movements by connecting the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to skeletal muscles, allowing conscious actions like walking or talking, and also manages voluntary sensory input from skin, muscles, and senses. It operates via sensory (afferent) nerves bringing info to the CNS and motor (efferent) nerves sending commands to muscles, handling both intentional actions and rapid reflex arcs (like pulling your hand from heat
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-12-2025
8. N.S.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-12-2025
9. A.N.S.
Sympathetic Nervous System (Accelerator): Prepares the body for stress or emergencies ("fight-or-flight") by increasing heart rate, diverting blood to muscles, and boosting alertness. Parasympathetic Nervous System (Brake): Calms the body down, conserving energy and promoting "rest-and-digest" functions, slowing heart rate and increasing digestion
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-12-2025
10. Neurons Types
Neurons are categorized by function (Sensory, Motor, Interneurons) and structure (Unipolar, Bipolar, Multipolar), working together to process information: Sensory neurons detect stimuli, Motor neurons control muscles/glands, and Interneurons connect them within the CNS, while structural types describe axon/dendrite count, like Multipolar (most common, many dendrites, one axon) and Bipolar (one dendrite, one axon).
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-12-2025
11. Nerves of Body
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
23-12-2025
Multipolar Neuron Structure
Most common type of nerve cell, defined by having one axon and multiple dendrites branching from its cell body, allowing it to receive and integrate vast amounts of information, forming the backbone of the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) and autonomic nervous system
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Neuron Types
Bipolar: One axon and one dendrite, found in special senses (eyes, ears). Unipolar (Pseudounipolar): Single extension from the cell body splits into axon and dendrite; typically sensory neurons
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Neuron Structure HD
Cell body (soma), which contains the nucleus; multiple branching dendrites that receive signals; and a single long axon that transmits signals away, ending in terminal buttons that form synapses with other cells, allowing communication via neurotransmitters.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Myelinated Neuron
The myelin sheath is a fatty, protein-rich insulating layer that wraps around certain neuron axons, speeding up electrical impulse transmission by allowing signals to "jump" between gaps called Nodes of Ranvier (saltatory conduction). Formed by glial cells (Schwann cells in PNS, oligodendrocytes in CNS), this lipid-packed sheath acts like electrical wire insulation, preventing signal loss and enabling rapid, efficient nerve communication.-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Classification of Neuron 3
Anaxonic: No distinct axon; only dendrites, can't produce action potentials (e.g., in brain, retina) Multipolar: Most common; many dendrites, one axon (e.g., motor neurons, interneurons
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Purkinje Cell -Brain
Purkinje cells are large, unique neurons in the cerebellum, famous for their massive, flat, branched dendritic trees that integrate vast amounts of sensory-motor information, acting as the sole output of the cerebellar cortex to control coordinated movement, motor learning, cognition, and emotion, primarily through inhibitory signals (GABA).
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Neuron -Electron Microscopic
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Neuron Cytoskeleton
A dynamic network of microtubules, neurofilaments (intermediate filaments), and actin filaments (microfilaments) that provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and enables crucial functions like axonal growth, intracellular transport (moving organelles/vesicles), and synaptic transmission, allowing neurons to form complex connections.-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Cytoskeleton Neuron 2
Microtubules (MTs): Made of tubulin, these are hollow tubes (25nm) acting as tracks for motor proteins, essential for transporting materials (organelles, vesicles) from the cell body to axon terminals (axonal transport) and for neurite extension
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Alzheimer's Neuron 1
In Alzheimer's, neurons (brain cells) die due to the buildup of abnormal proteins, forming amyloid plaques outside cells and tau tangles inside, disrupting communication and function, leading to progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and eventually, widespread brain shrinkage and death of nerve cells, starting in memory centers like the hippocampus-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Alzheimer's Neuron 2
Amyloid-beta: Normally cleared, but in AD, it forms sticky plaques outside neurons. Tau: Stabilizes microtubules; in AD, it becomes abnormal, forms tangles, and disrupts cell transport
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Neuron- EM
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Alzheimer's Neuron 3
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Neuronal Synapse 1
A Crucial junction where one neuron communicates with another neuron or a target cell (like muscle/gland), allowing nerve impulses to pass via electrical or chemical signals, forming the basis for brain function, learning, and memory, with chemical synapses using neurotransmitters and electrical ones using direction flow.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Neuronal Synapse 2
Presynaptic Neuron: The neuron sending the signal, containing neurotransmitters in vesicles. Postsynaptic Neuron: The receiving neuron, with receptors on its surface (often a dendrite). Synaptic Cleft: The tiny gap between them
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Neuron UMS
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Neuron UMS 2
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
Brain Medial Surface
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-12-2025
1. Parts of Brain- Medial Surface
The medial surface of the brain, seen in a midsagittal view, features major structures like the C-shaped Corpus Callosum, the surrounding Cingulate Gyrus (part of the limbic system), the Cerebellum, and the Brainstem, with key sulci (grooves) like the Cingulate Sulcus, Parieto-Occipital Sulcus, and Calcarine Sulcus defining lobes and areas crucial for memory (hippocampus), vision,and Emotion-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
3. Fifth Lobe - Insula of Brain
The insular region (insula) is a crucial, deep-seated brain structure, often called the "fifth lobe," hidden beneath the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, vital for integrating sensory, emotional, and cognitive information, especially relating to body states (interoception), emotions (like fear, empathy), risk-reward, taste, pain, and autonomic functions, acting as a key hub for linking feelings with decision-making and awareness-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
4. Inner Structures of Brain
The inner parts of the brain include the deep structures within the cerebrum (like the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala), the cerebellum (coordination/balance), and the brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla) controlling vital functions, all connected by white matter and protected by cerebrospinal fluid within ventricles, crucial for relaying signals and managing complex processes. -PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
5. Brain- Parts in Saggital View
A sagittal view cuts the brain vertically, revealing major structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, plus internal components such as the corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the ventricular system (including the 3rd and 4th ventricles), showing deep grooves (sulci) and folds (gyri) like the central sulcus, and lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital) on the medial surface-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
6. Lobes of Brain
Four main lobes—Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital—each responsible for specific functions like reasoning, sensation, hearing, and vision, though they work together complexly. Some models also identify the Insular (deep within) and Limbic lobes, expanding the functional divisions-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
7. Brain- Lobes
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
8. Brain Anatomy- Medial Surface
The C-shaped corpus callosum (connecting hemispheres), the curved cingulate gyrus (part of the limbic system), and the deep grooves (sulci) separating lobes, such as the callosal, cingulate, and parieto-occipital sulci, revealing parts of the frontal, parietal (like the paracentral lobule), and occipital lobes, along with the diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus) and brainstem-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
9. Base Of Brain- Interpeduncular Fossa
The base of the brain primarily consists of the Brainstem, which connects the brain to the spinal cord and includes the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata, controlling vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and relaying signals; the Cerebellum, located at the back, handles coordination and balance; and structures like the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and pituitary gland are also deep at the base, managing sensory relay, homeostasis, and hormones-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
10. Interpeduncular Fossa
The interpeduncular fossa is a crucial depression at the base of the brain, located on the midbrain between the two large cerebral peduncles (crura cerebri). Its floor contains important structures like the mamillary bodies, tuber cinereum, infundibulum, and the posterior perforated substance, while the optic chiasma forms its front, and it's where the oculomotor nerve (CN III) emerges-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
10. Interpeduncular Fossa Boundaries
A key depression at the brain's base, is bounded anteriorly by the optic chiasma, posteriorly by the pons, and laterally by the diverging cerebral peduncles, containing vital structures like the Circle of Willis and the origin of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), forming part of the midbrain's floor.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
11. Structures of Base of Brain
The base of the brain is dominated by the brainstem, a crucial relay connecting to the spinal cord, comprising the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata (controlling vital functions like breathing, heart rate). Also at the base are the Cerebellum (coordinating movement/balance) and deep structures like the Thalamus (sensory relay) and Hypothalamus (hormones, hunger, thirst, temperature), forming the brain's survival and connection center-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
12. Base of Brain Anatomy
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-12-2025
Brainstem
The crucial, stalk-like part of the brain connecting the cerebrum to the spinal cord, controlling essential involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, consciousness, and relaying motor/sensory signals, comprising the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It's vital for life, acting as a pathway for nerves and regulating fundamental bodily processes-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
30-12-2025
1. Spinal Cord Structure
Extends from upper border of posterior arch of first cervical vertebrae (C1) to lower border of first lumbar vertebra L1 in adults
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
2. Spinal Cord, Nerve, Meninges
Covered by spinal meninges: Outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater, and innermost pia mater
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
3. Extent of Meninges of Spinal Cord
Dura mater: Extends from foramen magnum to lower border of second sacral vertebra Arachnoid mater (cobweb-like in Latin) Thin transparent membrane loosely surrounds spinal cord Also extends up to lower border of S2 vertebra Pia mater : Thin vascular membrane closely invests spinal cord
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
4. Spinal Nerves Origin
Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves – attached to spinal cord Include 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pairs of nerves Each spinal nerve– attached to spinal cord by 2 roots: Ventral and dorsal nerve roots Ventral or anterior motor root carries motor or efferent fibers from spinal cord
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
5. Spinal Meninges
Dura mater: Extends from foramen magnum to lower border of second sacral vertebra Arachnoid mater- Thin transparent membrane loosely surrounds spinal cord Also extends up to lower border of S2 vertebra Pia mater : Thin vascular membrane closely invests spinal cord
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
6. Cauda Equina
Horsetail-like structure formed by bunch of lower spinal nerves surround conus medullaris and filum terminale Components (10 Pair of Nerves) Ventral and dorsal roots of lower four lumbar segments (L2–L5), five sacral (S1 to S5), and one coccygeal segments Filum terminale
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
6. Structure of Spinal Cord
Anterior median fissure Posterior median sulcus Ventrolateral (anterolateral) sulcus Dorsolateral (posterolateral) sulcus Dorsointermediate (posterointermediate) sulcus
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
9. Origin of Spinal Nerve
Roots: Nerves start as two distinct roots: the dorsal (posterior) root, carrying sensory info to the spinal cord, and the ventral (anterior) root, carrying motor commands from the spinal cord. Emergence: These roots join to form a spinal nerve just outside the spinal cord. Exit Point: Each nerve exits the vertebral column through an opening called the intervertebral foramen, located between adjacent vertebrae (except the first cervical nerve).
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
10. Lumbar Puncture
A Needle is inserted into the lower back's spinal canal to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing or to inject/remove substances, diagnosing neurological conditions like meningitis, multiple sclerosis, or bleeding-pkk
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
11. Ligamentum Denticulatum
extend from pia mater to dura mater stabilize side-to-side movement Each ligamentum denticulatum lies in between anterior and posterior roots of adjacent spinal nerves First ligamentum denticulatum lies at level of foramen magnum while last one lies between T12 and L1 spinal nerves
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
12. Ligamentum Denticulatum Location
Are 21 pairs of teeth-like projections of pia mater Extend from lateral surface of spinal cord and pierce arachnoid mater to get attached to inner surface of dura mater
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
13. Parts and Enlargement of Spinal Cord
Two thickened regions—the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back)—where the cord bulges to provide extra neurons and connections for the arms (cervical) and legs (lumbar), forming the brachial and lumbosacral nerve plexuses, respectively, allowing complex limb movements
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
14. Spinal Segment
Portion of spinal cord to which pair of spinal nerve is attached Consists of 31 spinal segments as follows: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
15. Filum Terminale
Piamater Extension- Thin fibrous filament extends from tip of conus medullaris to first coccygeal vertebra Emerges from vertebral canal through sacral hiatus About 20 cm long
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
16. Tracts of Spinal Cord
Descending Tracts -- Pyramidal tracts • Lateral corticospinal • Anterior corticospinal Extrapyramidal tracts • Rubrospinal • Medial and lateral reticulospinal • Olivospinal • Lateral vestibulospinal • Tectospinal
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
07-01-2026
20. Spinal Segment
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
22. Fissures and Sulci of Spinal Cord
A spinal cord fissure, primarily the deep Anterior Median Fissure (AMF), is a normal anatomical groove on the front (ventral) surface of the cord, dividing the white matter into symmetrical halves and housing the anterior spinal artery and pia mater,
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
23. Descending Tracts
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
24. CSF Circulation
The continuous flow of fluid through the brain's ventricles and the surrounding subarachnoid space, starting from the lateral ventricles, moving to the third, then fourth ventricle, exiting into the subarachnoid space (around brain and spinal cord) via small openings, and finally being reabsorbed into the bloodstream, primarily through arachnoid villi, providing cushioning, nutrient transport, and waste removal for the CNS
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
25. Parts of Spinal Cord
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
26. Tracts of Spinal Cord
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
27. Spinal Meninges
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
29. Meninges of Spinal Cord
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
30. Rexed Laminae
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
31. Tracts of Spinal cord 3
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
33. Sensation of Tracts
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
34. Tracts of SC 4
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
34. Spinal Nerve
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
35. Spinal / Cranial Nerves
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
36.Horns of Spinal Cord
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
08-01-2026
37. Medulla -External Features
Include prominent ridges and grooves on its anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) surfaces, such as the anterior median fissure, paired pyramids (containing corticospinal tracts), and oval olives, with cranial nerves emerging from sulci between them, while the dorsal side shows the posterior median sulcus, gracile and cuneate tubercles, and inferior cerebellar peduncles, all connecting to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
38. Medulla External Features2
Pyramids: Two vertical bulges on either side of the fissure, housing the corticospinal (motor) fibers. Olive: An oval swelling lateral to the pyramids, containing the olivary nucleus, important for movement Posterolateral Sulcus (Post-olivary): Lateral to the olive, where the Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), Vagus (CN X), and Accessory (CN XI) nerves emerge
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
39. Brainstem -Anterior View
The brainstem's anterior parts, from top to bottom, are the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata, with the anterior surface featuring key motor tracts (like the crus cerebri in the midbrain and pyramids in the medulla) and nuclei for cranial nerves, all vital for connecting the brain to the spinal cord and controlling essential functions like breathing, heart rate, and consciousness
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
40. Brainstem -Posterior View
The posterior parts of the brainstem include the tectum (midbrain's roof with superior/inferior colliculi), the tegmentum, and crucial white matter tracts like the cerebellar peduncles, forming the dorsal surface alongside the fourth ventricle, while deeper structures like nuclei for cranial nerves (V-XII) and sensory pathways (gracile/cuneate fasciculi) reside within the pons and medulla, connecting to the cerebellum and spinal cord for vital functions.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
41. Brainstem -Dissected
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
41. T.S. Medulla -Pyramidal Decussation
shows the crucial crossing (decussation) of most corticospinal motor fibers, forming the lateral corticospinal tract, while dorsal sensory nuclei (gracile and cuneate) are prominent posteriorly, with internal arcuate fibers from them beginning to form the medial lemniscus, marking the transition from brainstem to spinal cord.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
42. T.S. Medulla -Sensory Decussation
The crucial crossing point where second-order sensory neurons (internal arcuate fibers) from the gracile and cuneate nuclei cross the midline to form the medial lemniscus, transmitting fine touch, vibration, and proprioception from the body to the opposite side of the brain, ensuring contralateral sensory processing. This crossing happens at the upper part of the closed medulla, anterior to the central gray matter.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
43. T.S. Medulla- Sensory Decussation2
First-order neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal columns (fasciculus gracilis/cuneatus). They synapse in the gracile or cuneate nuclei in the medulla. The second-order neurons (internal arcuate fibers) then arc around the central gray matter, crossing the midline (decussate). After crossing, they form the medial lemniscus, a major ascending sensory tract.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
44. T.S. Medulla -Open Part , At Level of Olive
"open part" (upper medulla) reveals the floor of the fourth ventricle with characteristic features like the median sulcus, hypoglossal and vagal triangles, vestibular area, and area postrema (a chemoreceptor zone). Internally, it shows nuclei for cranial nerves IX-XII, sensory tracts, and the inferior olivary nuclei, with the central canal expanding into the ventricle, contrasting with the "closed" lower medulla.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
45. Lateral and Medial Medullary Syndrome
LMS- Sensory and motor deficits: Decreased sensation for pain and temperature on the same side of the face as the stroke, but on the opposite side of the body. Coordination and balance: Vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and loss of balance (ataxia). Speech and swallowing: Hoarseness, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and a decreased gag reflex. Other symptoms: Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), and Horner's syndrome (ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis).
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
47. Circle of Willis
he Circle of Willis is a ring of arteries at the base of the brain that connects the internal carotid arteries and the vertebrobasilar system, ensuring continuous blood flow to the brain. It acts as a "fail-safe" system, allowing blood to be rerouted to bypass blockages in one of the major arteries supplying the brain. This collateral circulation reduces the risk of ischemic events, such as stroke. Anterior Circulation: Internal carotid arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, and the anterior communicating artery. Posterior Circulation: Vertebral arteries, basilar artery, posterior cerebral arteries, and the posterior communicating arteries.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
SECTIONS OF BRAIN
Well labelled Dissected Sectioned Brain- Different Sections of Brain-PKK
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-01-2026
48. Lateral Medullary Syndrome
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
24-01-2026
49. Pons in Brainstem
Acting as a bridge that connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla and cerebellum. It plays a vital role in regulating essential functions, including breathing, sleep cycles, balance, and facial sensations. It is also responsible for controlling eye movements and chewing.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
27-01-2026
50. T.S. Lower Part of Pons
Ventral (Basilar) Part: Contains massive transverse pontine fibers, pontine nuclei, and the descending corticospinal and corticonuclear tracts. Dorsal Part (Tegmentum): Abducens Nucleus (CN VI): Located medially beneath the facial colliculus. Facial Nerve (CN VII) Fibers: The motor root of the facial nerve hooks around the abducens nucleus, forming the facial colliculus. Vestibular Nuclei: Located in the lateral area of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Medial Lemniscus: Situated at the junction of the ventral and dorsal parts, arranged horizontally (different from the vertical orientation in the medulla). Spinal Tract and Nucleus of Trigeminal Nerve (CN V): Positioned laterally. Trapezoid Body: Fibers related to the auditory pathway
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
27-01-2026
51. T.S. Upper part of Pons
Ventral (Basilar) Part: Bulky area containing pontine nuclei, transverse fibers, and descending corticospinal/corticopontine tracts. Dorsal Part (Tegmentum): Superior Cerebellar Peduncles (SCP): Prominent, located in the dorsolateral aspect of the tegmentum. Locus Coeruleus: Pigmented nucleus situated in the upper dorsal pons. Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF): Located paramedially near the floor of the fourth ventricle. Lemnisci (Lateral to Medial): Lateral lemniscus, spinal lemniscus, trigeminal lemniscus, and medial lemniscus.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
27-01-2026
52. T.S. Pons Lower Part
Medial Lemniscus: Situated at the junction of the ventral and dorsal parts, arranged horizontally (different from the vertical orientation in the medulla). Spinal Tract and Nucleus of Trigeminal Nerve (CN V): Positioned laterally. Trapezoid Body: Fibers related to the auditory pathway
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
27-01-2026
53. Pons- Clinical Syndromes
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
27-01-2026
54. Millard Gubler Syndrome-Pons
Ipsilateral facial paralysis: Weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles on the same side as the lesion. This can affect the upper and lower face. Ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy: Difficulty moving the eye on the same side as the lesion, leading to crossed eyes (diplopia). Contralateral hemiparesis: Weakness or paralysis of the limbs on the opposite side of the lesion.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
27-01-2026
55. Brainstem Syndrome
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
27-01-2026
Holden's Line
A horizontal anatomical landmark, roughly 8 cm lateral to the pubic tubercle, marking the firm attachment of the deep membranous layer of superficial fascia (Scarpa’s fascia) to the deep fascia of the thigh (fascia lata). It indicates the surface projection of the hip joint capsule and acts as a barrier, preventing superficial, extravasated urine from the abdomen from entering the thigh.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-01-2026
Holden's Line 2
Anatomical Significance: It is the line of fusion for the Scarpa's fascia and the fascia lata. Clinical Significance: It acts as a barrier against superficial infections and urine extravasation (e.g., from ruptured urethra), keeping fluid in the abdominal area and preventing it from descending into the lower limbs. Extension: The line runs horizontally from the pubic symphysis towards the anterior superior iliac spine.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-01-2026
Cutaneous nerves of Lower Limb
Derived from lumbar (L{1}–L{4})) and sacral ((S{1}–S{3}) plexuses, provide sensory innervation to the skin. Key nerves include the femoral nerve (anterior thigh/leg), obturator nerve (medial thigh), lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (lateral thigh), and sciatic branches like the sural nerve (posterior leg/lateral foot)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-01-2026
Compartments of Thigh
Three main muscular compartments—anterior, medial, and posterior—by deep fascia (fascia lata) and intermuscular septa. These compartments are organized by function, with the anterior compartment extending the knee, the medial adducting the hip, and the posterior flexing the knee.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-01-2026
Vastii Muscles
The 3 vastii muscles—vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius—are three of the four muscles forming the quadriceps femoris on the anterior thigh. These powerful muscles originate on the femur, converge on the patella, and act as primary knee extensors, crucial for walking, standing, and stabilizing the knee joint.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-01-2026
Femoral Triangle 4
The femoral triangle is clinically vital for accessing major blood vessels (femoral artery/vein) for procedures like catheterization, assessing peripheral circulation via the femoral pulse, and managing hernias; its superficial location and key contents (Femoral Nerve, Artery, Vein, Lymphatics - NAVEL mnemonic) make it crucial for vascular access, surgery (e.g., great saphenous vein), and lymph node dissection
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
29-01-2026
Femoral Nerve 2
Femoral nerve is the largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus (spinal nerves L2-L4), responsible for motor and sensory innervation of the anterior thigh and medial leg. It controls hip flexion (iliacus, pectineus) and knee extension (quadriceps). Damage causes weakness, numbness, and difficulty with activities like climbing stairs.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-02-2026
Femoral Triangle Boundary 3
The femoral triangle is a triangular, subfascial space located in the superior-medial thigh, essential for vascular access. It is bounded superiorly by the inguinal ligament, medially by the adductor longus muscle, and laterally by the sartorius muscle, with the apex formed by the crossover of the latter two
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-02-2026
Femoral Triangle Content 3
Arranged laterally to medially, are the femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, and deep inguinal lymph nodes (NAVEL)
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-02-2026
Nerves of Lower Limb
Derived from the lumbar (L2–L4) and sacral (L4–S3) plexuses, enable motor, sensory, and postural function. Key nerves include the femoral (anterior thigh), obturator (medial thigh), sciatic (posterior thigh), and its terminal branches, the tibial (posterior leg) and common fibular (lateral/anterior leg) nerves.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
03-02-2026
9. Scalp Layers
The loose areolar tissue (fourth layer) is known as the "dangerous layer" of the scalp because it acts as a space where pus or blood can collect and spread, potentially leading to life-threatening infections (e.g., meningitis) via valveless emissary veins that drain directly into the cranial cavity.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-02-2026
10. Blood supply Scalp
It is supplied by five pairs of arteries—three from the external carotid artery (superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital) and two from the internal carotid artery (supratrochlear, supraorbital)—which anastomose extensively, often leading to profuse bleeding from injuries
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-02-2026
11. Nerves of Scalp
Sensory Nerve Supply (Anterior to Auricle) Supratrochlear nerve (V1): Supplies the forehead and scalp up to the vertex. Supraorbital nerve (V1): Supplies the anterior scalp up to the vertex. Zygomaticotemporal nerve (V2): Supplies the temple area. Auriculotemporal nerve (V3): Supplies the skin in front of the ear and the temporal
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-02-2026
12. Sensory Nerve of Scalp
Sensory Nerve Supply (Posterior to Auricle) Greater occipital nerve (Posterior ramus of C2): Supplies the occipital region up to the vertex. Lesser occipital nerve (Cervical plexus, C2/C3): Supplies the scalp behind the ear. Third occipital nerve (Posterior ramus of C3): Supplies the lower occipital region. Great auricular nerve (C2/C3): Supplies the scalp posterior to the ear.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
22-02-2026
13. Sensory Nerve Supply of Scalp
Greater occipital nerve (Posterior ramus of C2): Supplies the occipital region up to the vertex. Lesser occipital nerve (Cervical plexus, C2/C3): Supplies the scalp behind the ear
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
14. Blood Supply of Scalp
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
15. Nerves of Head and Scalp
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
16. Veins of Scalp and face
Facial portion: supratrochlear, supraorbital, external nasal, inferior palpebral, superior and inferior labial, deep facial vein, buccinator, parotid and masseteric veins Cervical portion: submental, tonsillar, external palatine, lingual, submandibular, pharyngeal and superior thyroid veins
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
17. Sensory Nerves of Scalp
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
19. Arteries of Scalp
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
20. Facial Muscles-1
Orbicularis oculi: Closes the eyelids. Frontalis: Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead. Orbicularis oris: Closes and protrudes the lips. Buccinator: Flattens the cheeks and assists with chewing. Zygomaticus major: Elevates the corners of the mouth (smiling). Platysma: A large neck muscle that pulls down the corners of the mouth.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
21. Facial Muscles-2
Auricular muscles (ear muscles) Auricularis anterior Auricularis posterior Auricularis superior
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
22. Muscles of Face -3
Buccolabial muscles (mouth muscles) Your buccolabial muscles are in and around your mouth. They are: Buccinator, a thin muscle in your cheek that holds it toward your teeth Depressor anguli oris, which is on the side of your chin and works with other muscles to produce a frown Depressor labii inferioris, a muscle in your chin that helps control movement in your lower lip Levator anguli oris, a muscle that helps you smile Levator labii superioris, which can enable you to smile or show disgust Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, which can open your nostrils and lift your upper lip
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
23. Muscles of Face -4
Buccolabial muscles (mouth muscles) Mentalis, a muscle toward the center of your chin that helps control your lower lip Orbicularis oris, a circle of muscle around your mouth that closes or purses your lips Risorius, which aids in smiling Zygomaticus major and minor, which allow you to smile
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
24. Facial Muscles-5
Epicranial muscles (forehead, skull and neck muscles) around forehead, skull and neck. : Occipitofrontalis, a muscle that extends from your eyebrow to the top of your skull, lets you raise your eyebrow and wrinkle your forehead Platysma, a muscle that wrinkles the skin of your neck, helps open your mouth and allows you to lower the corners of your mouth and lower lip
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
25. Muscles of Face-6
Nasal muscles (nose muscles) Nasalis, (Compressor Naris and Dilator Naris)which allows you to flare your nostrils Procerus, a muscle (you just have one) between your eyebrows that can pull your brows downward and help flare your nostrils Depressor Septi
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
26. Muscles around orbit(Face)-7
Orbital muscles (eye muscles) Levator Palpebrae superioris Corrugator supercilii, which is near your eyebrow and enables frowning Orbicularis oculi, which closes your eyelid
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
27. Facial Muscles-8
functions of the muscles of face include: Giving your face its unique appearance Keeping food and drink in your mouth (preventing drooling) Protecting your eyes Singing Talking Whistling
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
28. Muscles of Face-9
The muscles of facial expression primarily develop from the mesoderm of the second pharyngeal (branchial) arch. As they develop and migrate from this arch during embryonic growth, they carry the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) with them, which provides their innervation
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
29. Muscles of Face -10
In humans, several muscles of the head and neck are considered evolutionary remnants of the panniculus carnosus, a subcutaneous muscle layer well-developed in many other mammals for skin movement.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
28-02-2026
Laughing Muscle
Zygomaticus Major- . Laughing or "smiling muscle", which pulls the corners of the mouth upward and outward
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-03-2026
Anger Muscle
Dilator Naris and Depressor Septi - Causes Expression of Anger
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-03-2026
32. Muscle Causing Sad Expression
Levator labii Superioris and Levator Anguli oris
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-03-2026
34.Muscle Causing Horror Expression
Platysma Causes Horror or Terror expression- Action: The platysma is a broad, thin, sheet-like muscle located in the neck. When it contracts, it pulls the corners of the mouth down and sideways, tenses the skin of the neck, and lowers the jaw, creating the characteristic "shocked" or horrified look.
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-03-2026
35. Whisteling Muscle
Buccinator and Orbicularis Oris - Orbicularis Oris: Encircles the mouth, allowing the lips to pucker, purse, and close. Buccinator: Located in the cheek, this muscle compresses the cheeks against the teeth to help force air out, making it essential for whistling and playing wind instruments. Also called- Buggler's or Trumpeter's muscle
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-03-2026
36. Muscle causing Grief Expression
Depressor Labii inferioris and Depressor Anguli Oris -(which pulls down the corners of the mouth) - Long term Sadness
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-03-2026
37. Frowning Muscle
Procerus and Corrugator Supercilli- (which draws eyebrows together) and the procerus (which pulls the skin between the brows down). These muscles create vertical and horizontal wrinkles on the forehead and bridge of the nose, often in response to anger, sadness, or concentration
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-03-2026
38. Contempt Muscle
Zygomaticus Minor - The feeling that somebody/something does not deserve any respect or is without value
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-03-2026
39. Doubt or Thinking Muscle
Mentalis- Located at the tip of the chin, this muscle elevates, everts (turns outward), and protrudes the lower lip, creating a "pouting" or skeptical look often associated with doubt, contempt, or displeasure
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-03-2026
40. Grinning Muscle
Risorius -This muscle pulls the corners of the mouth sideways, which is characteristic of a grin, smirk, or strained smile.- Artificial Smile
Dr. Praveen Kurrey
06-03-2026